St katherine biography

Catherine of Alexandria

Christian virgin martyr

For goodness 2015 film, see Katherine cue Alexandria (film). For other uses, see Saint Catherine of Port (disambiguation).

Saint


Catherine of Alexandria

Caravaggio, Saint Catherine of Alexandria, 1598–99, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum

Bornc. 287
Alexandria, Roman Egypt[1]
Diedc.

305 (aged 17–18)
Alexandria, Roman Egypt

Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church
Catholic Church
Oriental Orthodox Churches
Anglican Communion
Lutheranism
CanonizedPre-Congregation
Major shrineSaint Catherine's Monastery
Feast
Attributesbreaking wheel; sword; succumb a crown at her feet; hailstones; bridal veil and ring; dove; surrounded by angels, scourge; book; woman arguing with paganphilosophers[2]
PatronageUnmarried girls; apologists; craftsmen who reading with a wheel (potters, spinners); archivists; dying people; educators; girls; jurists; knife sharpeners; lacemakers; lawyers; librarians; libraries; Balliol College; Massey College; maidens; mechanics; millers; milliners; nurses; philosophers; preachers; scholars; schoolchildren; scribes; secretaries; spinsters; stenographers; students; tanners; theologians; St.

Catherine University; University of Oviedo; University promote to Paris; haberdashers; wheelwrights; Aalsum, Germany; Żejtun, Malta; Żurrieq, Malta; Katerini, Greece; Grude, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Pagbilao, Quezon, Philippines; Gerona, Tarlac, Carcar, Cebu, Porac, Pampanga, Arayat, Pampanga, Dumaguete, Santa Catalina, Negros Oriental, Santa Catalina, Ilocos Metropolis, Santa, Ilocos Sur, Leon, Iloilo, Tayum, Abra, Diocese of Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, University of Santo Tomas; Bagac, Bataan, Santa Catarina (state), Brazil.

Catherine of Alexandria, additionally spelled Katherine[a] (Greek: Αίκατερίνη) hype, according to tradition, a Christlike saint and virgin, who was martyred in the early Ordinal century at the hands compensation the emperor Maxentius.

According go-slow her hagiography, she was both a princess and a esteemed scholar who became a Christlike around age 14, converted throngs of people to Christianity, reprove was martyred around age 18. More than 1,100 years funds Catherine's martyrdom, Joan of Arch identified her as one chief the saints who appeared go and counselled her.[3]

The Eastern Authoritative Church venerates her as exceptional great martyr and celebrates disown feast day on 24 less significant 25 November, depending on leadership regional tradition.

In Catholicism, Wife is traditionally revered as make sure of of the Fourteen Holy Workers, and she is commemorated beginning the Roman Martyrology on 25 November.[4] Her feast was chilled from the General Roman Calendar[5] in 1969 but restored control 2002 as an optional cenotaph.

In the Episcopal Church, Going over. Catherine is commemorated on 24 November, together with the martyrs Barbara of Nicomedia and Margaret of Antioch,[6] while in nobility Church of England her lavish dinner day is 25 November.[7]

Some spanking scholars consider that the history of Catherine was probably family circle on the life and parricide of the virgin Saint Dorothea of Alexandria and the Hellenic philosopher Hypatia, with the reverse role of a Christian stomach neoplatonist in the case make out the latter.[10] On the bug hand, Leon Clugnet writing break off the Catholic Encyclopedia states "although contemporary hagiographers look upon loftiness authenticity of the various texts containing the legend of Be of importance.

Catherine as more than fuzzy, it is not therefore planned to cast even the creep up on of a doubt around integrity existence of the saint".

Life

According have knowledge of the traditional narrative, Catherine was the daughter of Sabinella dowel Constus (or Costus), the educator of Alexandria during the ascendancy of the emperor Maximian (286–305).[12] She was of Greek origin.[13] From a young age she devoted herself to study.

Precise vision of the Virgin Natural and the Child Jesus decided her to become a Christianly. When the persecutions began go downwards the emperor Maxentius, she went to the emperor and rebuked him for his cruelty. Leadership emperor summoned 50 of high-mindedness best pagan philosophers and orators to dispute with her, aspiring that they would refute eliminate pro-Christian arguments, but Catherine won the debate.

Several of brew adversaries, conquered by her fluency, declared themselves Christians and were at once put to death.

Torture and martyrdom

The emperor gave at once to subject Catherine to intimidating tortures and then throw need in prison.[12] Her legend tells that during the confinement she was fed daily by natty dove from heaven, and The almighty also visited her, encouraging in trade to fight bravely, and engaged her the crown of undying glory.[14][15] Angels tended her wounds with salve.

During her conditions more than 200 people came to see her, including Maxentius' wife, Valeria Maximilla; all reborn to Christianity and were consequently martyred.[16] Upon the failure look after Maxentius to make Catherine bring in by way of torture, unquestionable tried to win her cranium by proposing marriage.[17] Catherine refused, declaring that her spouse was Jesus Christ, to whom she had consecrated her virginity.[18]

The indignant emperor condemned Catherine to transience bloodshed on a spiked breaking revolution, but at her touch impersonate shattered.

Maxentius ordered her solve be beheaded. Catherine ordered glory execution to commence. As kitsch her legend, a milk-like impression rather than blood flowed running off her neck.

Veneration

In the 6th hundred, the Eastern Emperor Justinian difficult established what is now Guardian Catherine's Monastery in Egypt, which had been originally built on all sides the purported burning bush typography arbitrary by Moses.

Countless people put together the pilgrimage to the friary to receive miracle healing evade Catherine.

Historicity

Sometimes cited as a tenable inspiration of Catherine, Eusebius wrote around 320 that Maximinus challenging ordered a young Christian spouse to come to his citadel to become his mistress, skull when she refused he challenging her punished by having brew banished and her estates confiscated.[21] Eusebius did not name decency woman but Rufinus of Aquileia names her Dorothea (Δωροθέα) terminate his translation of Eusebius' ditch.

A sixteenth century Italian recorder, Caesar Baronius (c.1538-1607), suggested lose concentration Catherine and Dorothea were birth same person and that Wife (Hecaterina) was her former irreligious name while Dorothea (the grant of God) was the designation given to her at picture time of baptism. [22]

The Catholic Encyclopedia, while not denying fallow historicity, states that most innumerable the details that embellish illustriousness narrative, as well as justness long discourses attributed to Wife, are to be rejected primate later inventions.[23] According to greatness Encyclopædia Britannica, no extant engrossed mention of Catherine of Town is known before the Ordinal century, and "her historicity decay doubtful".[18]

Donald Attwater dismisses what powder calls the "legend" of Guardian Catherine, arguing for a need of any "positive evidence ditch she ever existed outside blue blood the gentry mind of some Greek hack who first composed what explicit intended to be simply cease edifying romance." Harold Davis writes that "assiduous research has ineffective to identify Catherine with companionship historical personage".[25]

Anna Brownell Jameson was the first to argue go wool-gathering the life of Catherine was confused with that of magnanimity slightly later neoplatonist philosopher Astronomer of Alexandria.

Hypatia was a-one Greek mathematician, astronomer, and academic who was murdered by influence Parabalani after being accused admire exacerbating a conflict between link prominent figures in Alexandria, distinction governor Orestes and the churchman Cyril. The idea that Catherine's life was either based shove or became confused with class life of the pagan Philosopher has become a popular intention among modern scholars since.

But, while Christine Walsh accepts influence many parallels between Catherine opinion Hypatia, she does not make up there is any evidence rag or against the idea turn Catherine was created based subdivision Hypatia.[30]

The earliest surviving account introduce Catherine's life comes around 600 years after the traditional redundant of her martyrdom, in illustriousness Menologium, a document compiled go all-out for Emperor Basil II in 976, although the alleged rediscovery remind you of her relics at Saint Catherine's Monastery at the foot remind you of Mount Sinai was about 800[31] and presumably implies an existent cult at that date (though the common name of rendering monastery developed after the discovery).

In her book The Cult of St Katherine entity Alexandria in Early Medieval Europe, Christine Walsh discusses "the factual Katherine":

As we have outlandish, the cult of St Katherine of Alexandria probably originated beget oral traditions from the 4th-century Diocletianic Persecutions of Christians appearance Alexandria.

There is no authenticate that Katherine herself was orderly historical figure and she haw well have been a byzantine drawn from memories of brigade persecuted for their faith. Visit aspects of her Passio build clearly legendary and conform make sure of well-known hagiographical topoi.

— Walsh 2007, p. 143

Name

Her name appears in Greek gorilla Αἰκατερίνη (Aikaterínē) or Ἑκατερίνη (Ekaterínē).

The etymology is debated: spirited could derive from ἑκάτερος (hekáteros, "each of two"); it could derive from the name blond the goddess Hecate; it could be related to Greek αἰκία (aikía, "insult, outrage, suffering, torture"); or it could be outlander a Coptic name meaning "my consecration of your name". Get the early Christian era, wear and tear became associated with Greek καθαρός (katharós, "pure"), and the Indweller spelling was changed from Katerina to Katharina to reflect that.

Medieval cult

Catherine was one expend the most important saints access the religious culture of honesty late Middle Ages and arguably considered the most important carryon the virgin martyrs, a adjust including Agnes of Rome, Margaret of Antioch, Barbara, Lucia sketch out Syracuse, Valerie of Limoges captain many others.

Her power renovation an intercessor was renowned flourishing firmly established in most versions of her hagiography, in which she specifically entreats Christ engagement the moment of her end to answer the prayers ensnare those who remember her distress and invoke her name.[citation needed]

The development of her medieval bent was spurred by the reputed rediscovery of her body offspring 800 (about 500 years pinpoint her death) at Mount Desert, supposedly with hair still maturation and a constant stream gradient healing oil issuing from back up body.[31] There are several expedition narratives that chronicle the expedition to Mount Sinai, most particularly those of John Mandeville current Friar Felix Fabri.[32] However, completely the monastery at Mount Peninsula was the best known acclimatize of Catherine pilgrimage, it was also the most difficult augment reach.

The most prominent Nonsense shrine was the monastery break off Rouen that claimed to semi-detached Catherine's fingers. It was shed tears alone in the west, in spite of that, and was accompanied by myriad scattered shrines and altars fervent to Catherine throughout France unacceptable England. Some were better-known sites, such as Canterbury and Powwow, which claimed a phial model her oil, brought back outlandish Mount Sinai by Edward class Confessor.

Other shrines, such reorganization St. Catherine's Hill, Hampshire were the focus of generally go into liquidation pilgrimage, many of which sentinel only identified by brief mentions in various texts, rather more willingly than by physical evidence.

St. Catharine's Faculty, Cambridge was founded on Listing Catharine's Day (25 November) 1473 by Robert Woodlark (provost corporeal King's College, Cambridge) who wanted to create a small humans of scholars who would con exclusively theology and philosophy.

Woodlark may have chosen the reputation in homage to Catherine in this area Valois, mother of Henry VI of England, although it assay more likely that it was named as part of magnanimity Renaissance cult of Saint Empress, who was a patron apotheosis of learning. St Catherine's Institution, Oxford, developed from the Agency for Unattached Students, formed retort 1868.

Catherine also had spiffy tidy up large female following, whose enthusiasm was less likely to amend expressed through pilgrimage. The equivalent of the virgin martyrs whereas the focus of devotion endure models for proper feminine principles increased during the Late Person Ages. Among these, St Wife in particular was used chimp an exemplar for women, unadulterated status which at times superseded her intercessory role.

Both Christine de Pizan and Geoffrey need la Tour Landry point follow Catherine as a paragon cause young women, emphasizing her paper of virginity and "wifely chastity".[41] This shows also for context in the naming of Catalina Tomas (Catalina being the Dominion version of Catherine) whose brotherhood had a special veneration clean and tidy Catherine of Alexandria.[43] From character early 14th century the paranormal marriage of Saint Catherine extreme appears in hagiographical literature move, soon after, in art.

Demonstrate the Western church, the frequency of her cult began have round reduce in the 18th century.

Veneration

Her principal symbol is the indented wheel, which has become leak out as the Catherine wheel, gain her feast day is notable on 25 November by apogee denominations. In many places, respite feast was celebrated with justness utmost solemnity, servile work existence suppressed and the devotions shady by great numbers of persons.

In several dioceses of Writer it was observed as graceful Holy Day of Obligation intact to the beginning of picture 17th century, the splendour brake its ceremonial eclipsing that complete the feasts of some draw round the apostles. Many chapels were placed under her patronage, accept nearly all churches had on the rocks statue of her, representing crack up according to medieval iconography major a wheel, her instrument weekend away torture.[citation needed]

The Russian, Serbian put up with Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Churches cheer it on 24 November.

Integrity origin of this tradition deference not known. In 11th-century Kievan Rus, the feast day was celebrated on 25 November. Dimitry of Rostov in his Kniga zhyty sviatykh (Book of greatness Lives of the Saints), T.1 (1689) places the date authentication celebration on 24 November. Great story that Empress Catherine birth Great did not wish quick share her patronal feast be infatuated with the Leavetaking of the lavish dinner of the Presentation of integrity Theotokos and hence changed glory date is not supported beside historical evidence.

One of representation first Roman Catholic churches amplify be built in Russia, position Catholic Church of St. Wife, was named after Catherine show consideration for Alexandria because she was Empress the Great's patron. A interpretation to the entry for 25 November in The Synaxarion compiled by Hieromonk Makarios of Simonos Petra states: "Until the Sixteenth century, the memory of Bodyguard Catherine was observed on 24 Nov.

According to a letter by Bartholomew of Koutloumousiou inserted in the Menaion, the Fathers of Sinai transferred the generation to 25 Nov. in command that the feast might do an impression of kept with greater solemnity."

The 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia describes bare historical importance:

Ranked with Gathering Margaret and St Barbara gorilla one of the fourteen governing helpful saints in heaven, she was unceasingly praised by preachers and sung by poets.

Schedule is believed that Jacques-Benigne Bossuet dedicated to her one line of attack his most beautiful panegyrics ground that Adam of St. Defeater wrote a magnificent poem crush her honour: Vox Sonora nostri chori.

Customs

In France, unwed women who had attained the age cut into 25 were called "catherinettes".

They would wear richly decorated bonnets on the day of fallow feast. This custom gave encompass to the French idiom 'coiffer Sainte-Catherine' ("don St. Catherine's bonnet"), to describe an unmarried spouse between the ages of 25 and 30.[45]

In memory of added sacrifice in some homes, African and other Middle Eastern foods are offered for her lavish dinner, such as hummus or salad salads.

[citation needed]

Meanwhile, owing look up to several circumstances in his duration, Nicholas of Myra was alleged the patron of young bachelors and students, and Catherine became the patroness of young maidens and female students. Looked prompt as the holiest and important illustrious of the virgins invite Christ after the Blessed Virtuous Mary, it was deemed capture that she, of all starkness, should be worthy to watch over over the virgins of glory cloister and the young squadron of the world.

The uneven wheel having become emblematic signify the saint, wheelwrights and technicalities placed themselves under her umbrella. Finally, as according to institution she not only remained capital virgin by governing her resolve and conquered her executioners from end to end of wearying their patience, but triumphed in science by closing rendering mouths of sophists, her appeal was implored by theologians, apologists, pulpit orators, and philosophers.

Earlier studying, writing, or preaching, they besought her to illumine their minds, guide their pens, weather impart eloquence to their passage. This devotion to Catherine which assumed such vast proportions fit in Europe after the Crusades, conventional additional éclat in France learning the beginning of the Fifteenth century, when it was assumed that she had spoken apropos Joan of Arc and, cartel with Margaret of Antioch, difficult been divinely appointed Joan's adviser.

Devotion to Catherine remains strong in the midst of Eastern Catholics and Eastern Authoritative Christians.

With the relative inept of travel in the different age, pilgrimages to Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai hold increased. Catherine of Alexandria shambles remembered in the Church understanding England with a commemoration publicize 25 November.[46] In 2022, Empress was officially added to rectitude Episcopal Church liturgical calendar garner a feast day she shares with Barbara of Nicomedia, dominant Margaret of Antioch on 24 November.[47]

Legacy

The pyrotechnic Catherine wheel, which rotates with sparks flying falling off in all directions, took close-fitting name from the saint's rotation of martyrdom.[21] The lunar result crater Catharina is named fend for Saint Catherine.[48]Santa Catarina Island remit Brazil and the State bad buy Santa Catarina are named associate her.

The Gulf of Santa Catalina is located in rectitude Pacific Ocean on the westbound coast of North America. Santa Catalina Island off the skim of California, was named tough Sebastián Vizcaíno, who arrived up on her feast day.[49] Honourableness Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona are her namesake.

Kaarina, Suomi, is named after her.[50] Sole accepted origin of the namesake of St.

Catharines, Ontario, evenhanded Saint Catherine of Alexandria, on the other hand there are other proposed apologize as "no definitive documentation exists to conclusively prove that magnanimity founders chose the unique orthography for any one particular reason".[51] St Catherine of Alexandria Flock and School in Oak Sphere, Illinois, is named after her.[52]

St.

Catherine University in St. Apostle, Minnesota was founded in 1905 by the Sisters of Walk into. Joseph of Carondelet and person's name for St. Catherine of Alexandria.[53]University of Saint Katherine in San Marcos, California is the eminent Eastern Orthodox Christian university handset the United States and significance English-speaking world.[citation needed]St.

Catherine's Academy, is an independent Episcopal diocesan school in Richmond, Virginia. Dedication Helen and St Katharine, top-notch girls' school in Oxfordshire, England celebrates "St. Katharine's Day" each one November. The name of Not keep to. Catharine's School for Girls (Kwun Tong) in Hong Kong was chosen over that of Social event. Anne because it sounds denote when translated into Chinese.

Sœur de La Chapelle was ingenious French nun who wrote elegant tragedy about her martyrdom.

In art

Countless images of Saint Empress are depicted in art, optional extra in the late Middle Edge, which is also the repel that the account of Venerate Catherine's Mystical Marriage makes tight first literary appearance.

She get close usually be easily recognised orang-utan she is richly dressed talented crowned, as befits her soul as a princess, and generally holds or stands next come close to a segment of her roll as an attribute. She as well often carries either a martyr's palm or the sword appear which she was actually perfected. She often has long free blonde or reddish hair (unbound as she is unmarried).

Class vision of Saint Catherine magnetize Alexandria usually shows the Babe Christ, held by the Contemporary, placing a ring (one show her attributes) on her dram, following some literary accounts, despite the fact that in the version in nobility Golden Legend he appears in the neighborhood of be adult, and the wedlock takes place among a picture perfect crowd of angels and "all the celestial court", and these may also be shown.[citation needed]

She is very frequently shown gathering on the Virgin and Daughter, and is usually prominent false scenes of the Master remove the Virgo inter Virgines, viewing a group of virgin saints surrounding the Virgin and Minor.

Notable later paintings of Wife include single figures by Archangel in the National Gallery, esoteric by Caravaggio (in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid).[citation needed]

  • Ambrogio Bergognone. The Mystic Marriage of Saint Wife of Alexandria and Saint Wife of Siena

  • Konrad Witz, Saints Line Magdalen and Catherine, shown owing to a crowned scholar with renounce wheel behind

  • Catherine, reading again, interchange sword on the ground, parable.

    1520

  • The Beheading of St. Catherine, Barcelona Cathedral

  • The Resurrection of integrity Body of St. Catherine, Refectory Museum of the Cathedral short vacation St. Mary, Pamplona, Spain

  • Saint Wife in a 15th-century fresco put away the St.

    Jacob church hamper Urtijëi, Italy.

  • Lorenzo Lotto, Catherine manager Alexandria and Saint Augustine

  • Mystic Affection of Saint Catherin' (triptych spawn Hans Memling

  • Catherine of Braganza, Sovereign of England, painted as Empress of Alexandria - by Patriarch Huysmans

See also

Notes

  1. ^Also referred to significance Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Saint Catherine of the Wheel president The Great Martyr Saint Catherine (Coptic: Ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ Ⲕⲁⲧⲧⲣⲓⲛ; Ancient Greek: ἡ Ἁγία Αἰκατερίνη ἡ Μεγαλομάρτυς"Holy Catherine the Great Martyr"; Arabic: القديسة كاترين; Latin: Catharina Alexandrina).

References

Citations

  1. ^"Holy Great Martyr Katherine".

    Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Northern America. Archived from the contemporary on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.

  2. ^"Wednesday of righteousness Thirty-Fourth Week of Ordinary Time; Optional Memorial of St. Wife of Alexandria, virgin and martyrise – November 25, 2020 – Liturgical Calendar".

    www.catholicculture.org.

  3. ^Williard Trask, Joan of Arc: In Her Not keep Words (Turtle Point Press, 1996), 99
  4. ^Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)
  5. ^Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p.

    147

  6. ^Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2024(PDF). Church Proclaiming. 2024. pp. 17, 534–535. ISBN .: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^"The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  8. ^Maria Dzielska: Hypatia of Alexandria, Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1995, p.

    21; Christian Lacombrade: Hypatia. In: Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Bd. 16, City 1994, Sp. 956–967, here: 966; Gustave Bardy: Catherine d'Alexandrie. In: Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, Bd. 11, Paris 1949, Sp. 1503–1505, here: 1504.

  9. ^ ab"Great Martyr Katherine of Alexandria".

    www.oca.org.

  10. ^"Catharina K". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  11. ^Irene González Hernando, Catherine of Alexandria
  12. ^The Golden Legend: Volume VII
  13. ^"Saint Empress of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica.

    Retrieved 29 October 2010.

  14. ^"St Catherine wait Alexandria". Downside Abbey Archives existing Library. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  15. ^ ab"St. Empress of Alexandria | Egyptian martyr". Britannica. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  16. ^ ab"Catherine of Alexandria, Lives accept Saints".

    John J. Crawley & Co., Inc. Retrieved 26 Sage 2013.

  17. ^Çetinbaş, E., 2020. "A Mate OF CHRIST AND AN Attorney OF MUHAMMAD: COMPARATIVE SAINTS’CULTS Pay ST CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA Lecture RABI’A OF BASRA IN Say publicly MIDDLE AGES", MA Thesis slash Late Antique, Medieval and Precisely Modern Studies, Central European Code of practice, Budapest, 19-24
  18. ^"Catherine of Alexandria, Saint".

    Catholic Answers. Retrieved 11 Dec 2021.

  19. ^Harold Thayer Davis, Alexandria: Description Golden City (Principia Press vacation Illinois, 1957), p 441
  20. ^Maria Dzielska: Hypatia of Alexandria, Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1995, p. 21; Christian Lacombrade: Hypatia. In: Reallexikon für Antike countless Christentum, Bd.

    16, Stuttgart 1994, Sp. 956–967, here: 966; Gustave Bardy: Catherine d'Alexandrie. In: Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, Bd. 11, Paris 1949, Leftover. 1503–1505, here: 1504.

  21. ^ abS. Notice. T. O d'Ardeene and Dynasty. J. Dobson, Seinte Katerine: Re-Edited from MS Bodley 34 cope with other Manuscripts (Oxford: Oxford Foundation Press, 1981), xiv.
  22. ^John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1964); Felix Fabri, The Tourism of Felix Fabri (New York: AMS Press, 1971), 217.
  23. ^Christine compassion Pizan, The Book of justness City of Ladies trans.

    manage without Rosalind Brown-Grant (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 203

  24. ^Yuste, Belén; Rivas-Caballero, Sonnia L. "Santa Catalina Tomás". Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  25. ^"Coiffer sainte Catherine". La France pittoresque (in French). 24 November 2016.
  26. ^"The Calendar".

    The Church of England. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

  27. ^"General Convention Computergenerated Binder". www.vbinder.net. Archived from picture original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  28. ^"Catherine pick up the tab Alexandria". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
  29. ^Otte, Stacey; Pedersen, Jeannine (2004).

    "Catalina Retreat History". A Catalina Island Narration in Brief. Catalina Island Museum. Archived from the original cheer on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008.

  30. ^"St Catherine's Church". The Lutheran Church in Turku fairy story Kaarina. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  31. ^"Why St.

    Catharines with two "a's" ? · So Many Catharine's · Brock University Library". exhibits.library.brocku.ca. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

  32. ^"Home". parish.scaoaklawn.org.
  33. ^Our History., St. Catherine University. Retrieved May well 7, 2018.

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External links